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Since the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 was last amended in 1993, it has required parties to submit expert reports for all testifying experts. Those amendments have been interpreted by some courts to allow discovery of all draft expert witness reports and all communications between counsel and testifying expert witnesses. In the view of many litigators, the experience under those changes revealed significant practical problems. Allowing such broad discovery significantly expanded expert discovery; it also irrevocably led attorneys and experts to take counteractive measures. However the steps taken to avoid creating discoverable drafts or communications has predictably resulted in inefficient and costly litigation. According to Charles S. Fax in Litigation News, Rule 26, “has bedeviled lawyers in dealings with expert witnesses. However, proposed amendments promise to resolve the difficulties caused by the present rule.” These proposed amendments, the first major revision in nearly two decades, are to take effect in December of this year. No longer would Rule 26 allow full discovery of draft expert reports and require broad disclosure of any communications between an expert and trial counsel. Instead, those communications would come under the protection of the work-product doctrine. The amendments specifically extend work-product protections to drafts of both expert reports and expert party disclosures under Rule 26, and to attorney-expert communications. With the prohibition of discovery about who said what to whom—a matter of no interest to jurors—depositions would now be allowed to focus on the expert’s analysis of the case. What will still be allowed, […]

As most forensic accountants and business valuators know, post-acquisition disputes between an acquirer and target company are on the rise. These conflicts can be disruptive, time-consuming and expensive. To help in successfully resolving a dispute, the post-acquisition advisor needs to be extremely well versed in accounting, business valuation, economics, finance and litigation. In times when bank failures and bankruptcies are not uncommon, resolving post-acquisition disputes can be a formidable challenge. The most common disputes involve post-closing adjustments for working capital or net assets, indemnity or fraud claims, and earnout disputes. In a dispute involving both working capital and indemnity claims, for example, working capital claims are typically measured on a dollar-for-dollar basis while indemnity claims can be measured dollar for dollar, over a finite period or into perpetuity. The measurement of damages into future periods is predicated on assessing whether the misstatement will affect future periods; the buyer’s expectations were based on future performance; the business was significantly devalued after the acquisition; and the misstatement would have been “material” to a “willing buyer.” Potential disputes in mergers and acquisition transactions can often be just as complex as the deals themselves. It is the acquirer that instigates a dispute on the grounds that it’s unable to complete the deal because of financial shortfalls, although there are exceptions. In a 2009 roundtable discussion published in Financier Worldwide, one participant commented: “The economic downturn has significantly increased the number of commercial disputes, and it has changed the nature of dispute resolution. Where once parties could […]

I recently sat down and did a podcast with Leonard Florescue, a family law attorney at Blank Rome LLP, who advises clients primarily in complex matrimonial matters. We discussed the role parenting plans play in the divorce process.   Among the most important aspects of family law are custody and parenting plan issues. The family law practitioner is expected to take great care to work with his or her clients to create a viable parenting plan, which is an agreement between parents, who are either divorcing or who have never married. In the simplest terms, a parenting plan establishes who will spend time with the children and when and under what circumstances. The parenting plan also determines who makes the major decisions about education, medical care and other important issues. A good parenting plan is necessary in promoting harmony and alleviating stressful situations for both parents and children. There can be serious repercussions when parents have either a poorly though-out parenting plan or no plan at all. In an organizational or government hierarchy, there’s a single person or group with the most power and authority, and each subsequent level represents a lesser authority. Parents must create a “hierarchy” of their own. Time sharing is often a very stressful topic for parents. When outlining shared parenting schedules, parents must try their best to avoid potential areas of stress. It’s also advisable for parents to create a formula for the events they are anticipating for the first years of the parenting plan’s […]

This week, I sat down with Peter Mahler, a corporate attorney at Farrell Fritz, who is widely known as an authority on corporate dissolution and valuation proceedings involving closely-held businesses (which he blogs about over on New York Business Divorce Blog).   First, we discussed how there are times when the accounting and legal professions meet and form a synergy that complements one another. But there are also times when terms and definitions must be distinguished and defined based upon facts and circumstances. The concept of “Fair Value” is one of those terms. A federal Appeals Court once remarked that “the valuation of a closely held company is an inexact science, some might say an art.” The Model Business Corporation Act in 1984 created the right of a shareholder to dissent from corporate decisions and obtain payment of the value of his or her shares. The shareholder is entitled to receive the “fair value” of his or her shares in case of dissent. But the simplicity of the term “fair value” is misleading, as there are many questions to be answered and important factors to be considered in order to reach such “fair value.” Minority shareholders have been granted a number of rights to protect their position inside a corporation and advance their interests. One of these rights is the appraisal right–the right to dissent and obtain payment of fair value of their shares. Fair value can be defined in a number of ways and each definition may be correct. […]